What is the Difference Between Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere?

The rhizosphere and phyllosphere are two distinct regions associated with plants that host microbial communities. They differ in their locations, exudates, microbe interactions, and effects on plants.

Rhizosphere:

Definition: The soil around the plant root where microbial activity is high.
Exudates: Plant root secretions containing mainly organic matters, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and vitamins.
Microbe interaction: Rhizospheric microbes establish interactions with roots by inhabiting the soil around the root.
Types of microbes: Rhizospheric microbes can be aerobic or anaerobic and include species like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and Clostridium.
Effects on plants: Rhizospheric microbes promote plant growth by carrying out various biogeochemical transformations in the soil, producing plant growth hormones, and protecting plants against pathogens.

Phyllosphere:

Definition: The surface of plant leaves inhabited by microbes.
Exudates: Plant leaf secretions containing mainly amino acids, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
Microbe interaction: Phyllospheric microbes establish interactions with leaves by inhabiting the surface of the leaf.
Types of microbes: Phyllospheric microbes are usually aerobic and include species like Beijerinckia, Pseudomonas, and Alternaria.
Effects on plants: Phyllospheric microbes promote plant growth mainly by producing plant growth hormones and protecting against pathogens. They usually do not play a role in biogeochemical transformations.

In summary, the rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots, influenced by root exudates and associated microorganisms, while the phyllosphere is the surface of above-ground plant parts that provide habitat for microorganisms. Both regions host microbial communities that are beneficial for the plant, making nutrients available, controlling pathogens, and improving disease resistance.